Anabolic steroids
Methyltestosterone metabolites: how the body breaks down the drug
Methyltestosterone was one of the first orally active androgens ever synthesised, and it remains a textbook example of how a single…
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Anti-oestrogens and PCT
Anastrozole and the liver: metabolism, enzymes and monitoring
Anastrozole is a widely prescribed aromatase inhibitor, best known in the UK for its role in the treatment of hormone-receptor-positive…
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SARMs and research compounds
S23: what this SARM is and how it works
S23 is a non-steroidal compound often grouped with the selective androgen receptor modulators, or SARMs. It appears widely in online…
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Organ protection
Who should not take essential phospholipids
Essential phospholipids, usually abbreviated EPL and derived from soybean, are marketed as supportive agents for the liver. They are…
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Hormones, fat burners, metabolic agents
Contraindications to ephedrine: who must not take it
Ephedrine is a powerful sympathomimetic drug with legitimate medical uses and a long, troubled history as a stimulant and weight-loss aid.…
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Anti-oestrogens, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors
Myths about toremifene: separating claim from evidence
Toremifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) licensed for breast cancer, and it is surrounded by a thick layer of online…
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Athlete health: conditions
Overtraining in athletes: causes and the link with load and pharmacology
Overtraining syndrome is one of the most misunderstood problems in sport. It is not simply the fatigue of a hard week, but a prolonged…
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SARMs and research compounds
Ibutamoren (MK-677) versus anabolic steroids: comparing risks
Ibutamoren, known by its development code MK-677, is frequently marketed as a gentler alternative to anabolic steroids. The two work…
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Sports nutrition
Melatonin and sleep: what it does and what it does not
Melatonin is often described as a natural sleep aid, and it is one of the most searched-for supplements among athletes and shift workers.…
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Anabolic steroids
Oxandrolone metabolites: how the body breaks down the drug
Oxandrolone is an unusual oral steroid: it is remarkably resistant to metabolism and is excreted largely unchanged, which makes its…
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Oral anabolic steroids
Oxymetholone hepatotoxicity: 17-alpha-alkylation and liver load
Oxymetholone is one of the most potent oral anabolic steroids and also one of the most hepatically demanding. The root of its liver…
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Sports nutrition: active ingredients
Myths about citrulline malate: claim versus evidence
Citrulline malate is a staple of pre-workout supplements, promoted for "pumps", endurance and recovery. Some of these claims rest on…
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Sports nutrition: active ingredients
Who should not take D-aspartic acid
D-aspartic acid, usually abbreviated DAA, is marketed as a natural testosterone booster. The evidence for that claim is weak and…
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Injectable anabolic steroids
Testosterone undecanoate mechanism of action: androgen receptors and protein synthesis
Testosterone undecanoate is the longest-acting injectable form of testosterone in routine medical use, allowing dosing every few months.…
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SARMs and research compounds
Andarine (S4) counterfeits: what lab tests of market products show
Andarine, known by the code S4, is one of the better-known selective androgen receptor modulators sold online. Independent laboratory…
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